In Vitro Susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli to the inner Gel of Aloe nuttii Baker and Aloe chabaudii Schonland found in Zambia.
Keywords:
in-vitro susceptibility, Aloe nutti baker, Aloe chabaudii schonaland, antimicrobial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Zambia.
Abstract
The genus Aloe has a long history of medicinal usage in the world and is believed to treat various ailments. It contains bioactive compounds that work synergistically against various microbes. A comparative study of the two Zambian Aloe species Aloe nuttii Baker and Aloe chabauddii was done with the objectives to determine the antimicrobial activity, the minimum inhibition concentration and the susceptibility of microbes namely Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The study was a quantitative, comparative laboratory based study. A Liquid-Liquid extraction method modified from Marjory Cowan, 1999 was used. The extracts were tested on microbes using the Agar Disk Diffusion Method modified from Kirby Bauer 1966 and assessed by the growth inhibition zones. The two fold dilution method modified from Doughari, 2007 was used to find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Only the water extracts of Aloe nuttii Baker inhibited the growth of all the five microbes tested as indicated by the growth inhibition zones as follows: S. aureus 12±2mm, S.spp.10.3±0.7mm, P. aeruginosa 9.3±1.7mm, E. coli 10.7±1.3mm and Candida albicans 14±0.6mm. In contrast, Aloe chabaudii extracts displayed no antimicrobial activity. The MIC of Aloe nuttii Baker was found to be 1500mg/ml for Candida albican, P. aeruginosa and E. coli and 3000mg/ml for S. aureus. In contrast Aloe chabauddi did not inhibit any microbial growth. Invitro, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeriginosa and Escherichia coli were susceptible to the inner gel of aloe nutty baker but in contrast showed no susceptibility to the inner gel of aloe chabaudii schonaland found in Zambia.References
[1] Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP. Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med 2015;5:21–6. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006.
[2] Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 2008;13:1599–616. doi:10.3390/molecules13081599.
[3] Femenia A, S??nchez ES, Simal S, Rossell?? C. Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydr Polym 1999;39:109–17. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00163-5.
[4] Habeeb F, Shakir E, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Taravati MR, Drummond AJ, et al. Screening methods used to determine the anti-microbial properties of Aloe vera inner gel. Methods 2007;42:315–20. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.03.004.
[5] Ni Y, Turner D, Yates KM, Tizard I. Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. Int. Immunopharmacol., vol. 4, 2004, p. 1745–55. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.006.
[6] Avijgan M, Mahboubi M, Moheb Nasab M, Ahmadi Nia E, Yousefi H. Synergistic activity between Echinophora platyloba DC ethanolic extract and azole drugs against clinical isolates of Candida albicans from women suffering chronic recurrent vaginitis. J Mycol Med 2014;24:112–6. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.116.
[7] Lee YS, Ju HK, Kim YJ, Lim TG, Uddin MR, Kim YB, et al. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera adventitious root extracts through the alteration of primary and secondary metabolites via salicylic acid elicitation. PLoS One 2013;8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082479.
[8] Rajasekaran S, Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Beneficial effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:232–7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04351.x.
[9] Tarameshloo M, Norouzian M, Zarein-Dolab S, Dadpay M, Mohsenifar J, Gazor R. Aloe vera gel and thyroid hormone cream may improve wound healing in Wistar rats. Anat Cell Biol 2012;45:170–7. doi:10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.170.
[10] Liu C, Leung MYK, Koon JCM, Zhu LF, Hui YZ, Yu B, et al. Macrophage activation by polysaccharide biological response modifier isolated from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:1634–41. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.013.
[11] Subramanian, S, Sathish Kumar, D AP. Wound Healing Potential of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel Studied in Experimental Rabbits. Asian J Biochem 2006;1:178–85. doi:10.3923/ajb.2006.178.185.
[12] Liu L, Chen X, Wu B, Jiang Q. [Influence of Aloe polysaccharide on proliferation and hyaluronic acid and hydroxyproline secretion of human fibroblasts in vitro]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2010;8:256–62.
[13] Chantarawaratit P, Sangvanich P, Banlunara W, Soontornvipart K, Thunyakitpisal P. Acemannan sponges stimulate alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration in a canine class II furcation defect model. J Periodontal Res 2014;49:164–78. doi:10.1111/jre.12090.
[14] Pereira R, Mendes A, Bártolo P. Alginate/Aloe vera hydrogel films for biomedical applications. Procedia CIRP 2013;5:210–5. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.042.
[15] Shahzad MN, Ahmed N. Effectiveness of Aloe Vera gel compared with 1% silver sulphadiazine cream as burn wound dressing in second degree burns. J Pak Med Assoc 2013;63:225–30.
[16] Tabandeh MR, Oryan A, Mohammadalipour A. Polysaccharides of Aloe vera induce MMP-3 and TIMP-2 gene expression during the skin wound repair of rat. Int J Biol Macromol 2014;65:424–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.055.
[17] Pandey R, Mishra A. Antibacterial activities of crude extract of aloe barbadensis to clinically isolated bacterial pathogens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010;160:1356–61. doi:10.1007/s12010-009-8577-0.
[18] Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1137–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.3.1137-1139.2003.
[19] Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Characterization of aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:1030–4. doi:10.1021/jf001036d.
[20] Kametani S, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kikuzaki H, Kennedy DO, Honzawa M, Matsui-Yuasa I. Chemical Constituents of Cape Aloe and Their Synergistic Growth-Inhibiting Effect on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007;71:1220–9. doi:10.1271/bbb.60659.
[21] Cowan MM. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564–82. doi:0893-8512/99/$04.000.
[22] Tan Z, Li F, Xing J. Separation and Purification of Aloe Anthraquinones Using PEG/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System. Sep Sci Technol 2011;46:1503–10. doi:10.1080/01496395.2011.563766.
[23] Li SW, Yang TC, Lai CC, Huang SH, Liao JM, Wan L, et al. Antiviral activity of aloe-emodin against influenza A virus via galectin-3 up-regulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;738:125–32. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.028.
[24] Olatunya OS, Olatunya AM, Anyabolu HC, Adejuyigbe E a, Oyelami O a. Preliminary trial of aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:850–3. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0735.
[25] Cellini L, Di Bartolomeo S, Di Campli E, Genovese S, Locatelli M, Di Giulio M. In vitro activity of aloe vera inner gel against helicobacter pylori strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014;59:43–8. doi:10.1111/lam.12241.
[26] M KK, Chimkod VB, Patil CS. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA LEAF EXTRACT Singhania University , Pacheri Bari , Rajasthan Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab , Department of P . G and Research Studies Department of Biotechnology , B . V . Bhoomreddy College of UG and PG Studies , Bidar ,
[2] Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 2008;13:1599–616. doi:10.3390/molecules13081599.
[3] Femenia A, S??nchez ES, Simal S, Rossell?? C. Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydr Polym 1999;39:109–17. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00163-5.
[4] Habeeb F, Shakir E, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Taravati MR, Drummond AJ, et al. Screening methods used to determine the anti-microbial properties of Aloe vera inner gel. Methods 2007;42:315–20. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.03.004.
[5] Ni Y, Turner D, Yates KM, Tizard I. Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. Int. Immunopharmacol., vol. 4, 2004, p. 1745–55. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.006.
[6] Avijgan M, Mahboubi M, Moheb Nasab M, Ahmadi Nia E, Yousefi H. Synergistic activity between Echinophora platyloba DC ethanolic extract and azole drugs against clinical isolates of Candida albicans from women suffering chronic recurrent vaginitis. J Mycol Med 2014;24:112–6. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.116.
[7] Lee YS, Ju HK, Kim YJ, Lim TG, Uddin MR, Kim YB, et al. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera adventitious root extracts through the alteration of primary and secondary metabolites via salicylic acid elicitation. PLoS One 2013;8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082479.
[8] Rajasekaran S, Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Beneficial effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:232–7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04351.x.
[9] Tarameshloo M, Norouzian M, Zarein-Dolab S, Dadpay M, Mohsenifar J, Gazor R. Aloe vera gel and thyroid hormone cream may improve wound healing in Wistar rats. Anat Cell Biol 2012;45:170–7. doi:10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.170.
[10] Liu C, Leung MYK, Koon JCM, Zhu LF, Hui YZ, Yu B, et al. Macrophage activation by polysaccharide biological response modifier isolated from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:1634–41. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.013.
[11] Subramanian, S, Sathish Kumar, D AP. Wound Healing Potential of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel Studied in Experimental Rabbits. Asian J Biochem 2006;1:178–85. doi:10.3923/ajb.2006.178.185.
[12] Liu L, Chen X, Wu B, Jiang Q. [Influence of Aloe polysaccharide on proliferation and hyaluronic acid and hydroxyproline secretion of human fibroblasts in vitro]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2010;8:256–62.
[13] Chantarawaratit P, Sangvanich P, Banlunara W, Soontornvipart K, Thunyakitpisal P. Acemannan sponges stimulate alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration in a canine class II furcation defect model. J Periodontal Res 2014;49:164–78. doi:10.1111/jre.12090.
[14] Pereira R, Mendes A, Bártolo P. Alginate/Aloe vera hydrogel films for biomedical applications. Procedia CIRP 2013;5:210–5. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.042.
[15] Shahzad MN, Ahmed N. Effectiveness of Aloe Vera gel compared with 1% silver sulphadiazine cream as burn wound dressing in second degree burns. J Pak Med Assoc 2013;63:225–30.
[16] Tabandeh MR, Oryan A, Mohammadalipour A. Polysaccharides of Aloe vera induce MMP-3 and TIMP-2 gene expression during the skin wound repair of rat. Int J Biol Macromol 2014;65:424–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.055.
[17] Pandey R, Mishra A. Antibacterial activities of crude extract of aloe barbadensis to clinically isolated bacterial pathogens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010;160:1356–61. doi:10.1007/s12010-009-8577-0.
[18] Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1137–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.3.1137-1139.2003.
[19] Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Characterization of aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:1030–4. doi:10.1021/jf001036d.
[20] Kametani S, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kikuzaki H, Kennedy DO, Honzawa M, Matsui-Yuasa I. Chemical Constituents of Cape Aloe and Their Synergistic Growth-Inhibiting Effect on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007;71:1220–9. doi:10.1271/bbb.60659.
[21] Cowan MM. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564–82. doi:0893-8512/99/$04.000.
[22] Tan Z, Li F, Xing J. Separation and Purification of Aloe Anthraquinones Using PEG/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System. Sep Sci Technol 2011;46:1503–10. doi:10.1080/01496395.2011.563766.
[23] Li SW, Yang TC, Lai CC, Huang SH, Liao JM, Wan L, et al. Antiviral activity of aloe-emodin against influenza A virus via galectin-3 up-regulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;738:125–32. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.028.
[24] Olatunya OS, Olatunya AM, Anyabolu HC, Adejuyigbe E a, Oyelami O a. Preliminary trial of aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:850–3. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0735.
[25] Cellini L, Di Bartolomeo S, Di Campli E, Genovese S, Locatelli M, Di Giulio M. In vitro activity of aloe vera inner gel against helicobacter pylori strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014;59:43–8. doi:10.1111/lam.12241.
[26] M KK, Chimkod VB, Patil CS. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA LEAF EXTRACT Singhania University , Pacheri Bari , Rajasthan Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab , Department of P . G and Research Studies Department of Biotechnology , B . V . Bhoomreddy College of UG and PG Studies , Bidar ,
Published
2023-12-05
How to Cite
1.
Zingani E, Hatwiko H, M’hango N. In Vitro Susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli to the inner Gel of Aloe nuttii Baker and Aloe chabaudii Schonland found in Zambia. Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 5Dec.2023 [cited 3Dec.2024];7(2). Available from: https://medicine.unza.zm/index.php/JABS/article/view/1131
Section
Biomedical Sciences
Copyright: ©️ JABS. Articles in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.